Leptospira spp. in dairy cattle of Maranhão state, Brazil: frequency, risk factors and mapping of reagent herds

Abstract

The present study's aim was to determine frequency, risk factors and mapping outbreaks in dairy cattle of Maranhão state, Brazil, associated to Leptospira spp. Four hundred and twenty samples of blood serum from females were analyzed, age ≥24 months, selected in a random way, distributed in 70 herds from 14 townships. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied to investigate possible factors that could have been associated to the infection. Serum samples were submitted to the serum agglutination test (SAT). It was used 24 serovars from the Leptospira spp. complex. From the analyzed samples, 70 (100%) for herds and 420 (100%) for animals were reagent to at least one of the Leptospira spp. serovar, reaching titles between 100 and 800. The most prevalent serovars were Patoc (410/420; 97%), Castellonis (351/420; 84%), Hardjo (347/420; 83%), Hebdomadis (335/420; 80%), Sentot (328/420; 78%), Wolffi (330/420; 79%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (300/420; 71%) and Pomona (286/420; 69%). From the variables considered as risk factors, the not utilization of artificial insemination, mixed herds of goats, sheeps, equines and canines in the properties, and the birth of calves in the non-rainy period showed significant statistical association (p<0.05) to the risk of infection with Leptospira interrogans . The results show elevated levels of leptospirosis frequency in dairy cattle herd from Maranhão state. Therefore, there is a necessity to implement strategies consisting of vaccinations with region serovares and serological exams, establishment of quarantine for arrival of new animals, monitoring existent herds in the properties and notification of the disease to the State Animal Health Agency.